Abstract Background Grazing disturbance usually affects floral display and pollination efficiency in the desert steppe. which may cause pollen limitation in insect-pollinated plants. Effective pollination is essential for the reproductive success of insect-pollinated plants and insufficient pollen transfer may result in pollen limitation. Caragana microphylla Lam is an arid region shr... https://parisnaturalfoodes.shop/product-category/vervain/